Jockey Details

J M Sheridan

429 Rides 49 Wins (11.4%) 65 Places (15.2%)
Rides - Today & Tomorrow (7)
Time Course Distance Horse Trainer Odds
Sun 13:50 Curragh 5f Star Prospect Joseph Patrick O'Brien N/A
Sun 14:25 Curragh 6f Sweet Baby Zou Joseph Patrick O'Brien N/A
Sun 15:00 Curragh 5f Ribble Emperor (IRE) P C O'Donnell N/A
Sun 15:35 Curragh 1m2f Omni Man (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 18/1
Sun 16:10 Curragh 7f Hexagonal (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan N/A
Sun 16:45 Curragh 1m Arctic Assassin Joseph Patrick O'Brien N/A
Sun 17:20 Curragh 6f Angel Of Promise (IRE) Edward Lynam N/A
Recent Runs - Last 12 Months (Showing 100)
Date/Time Course Distance Horse Trainer Position Beaten By Weight SP Comment
15/04/26
15:42
Leopardstown (IRE) 1m Mixed Feelings (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 1st Won 9-3 11/10F
Raced in second - nudged along and pressed leader over 2f out - led and ridden over 1f out - went clear inside final furlong - eased towards finish - readily(op 10/11 tchd 11/8)
15/04/26
15:07
Leopardstown (IRE) 1m Gaiety Girl P F McEnery 11 36 9-2 80/1
In rear throughout(op 66/1)
15/04/26
13:22
Leopardstown (IRE) 1m2f Knowinmeknowinyou Joseph Patrick O'Brien 99 - 9-3 2/1F
Prominent - pushed along 4f out - weakened quickly 3f out - soon pulled up(op 15/8 tchd 9/4)
12/04/26
17:25
Leopardstown (IRE) 1m2f So Must I (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 6 .5 9-2 13/2
In touch with leaders early - soon towards rear - outpaced 2f out - kept on final furlong(op 9/1)
12/04/26
16:55
Leopardstown (IRE) 1m2f James J Braddock Joseph Patrick O'Brien 5 0.3 9-5 9/1
Midfield - outpaced 2f out - ran on well inside final furlong - not reach leaders(op 12/1)
12/04/26
16:25
Leopardstown (IRE) 7f Pivotal Attack (GB) Joseph G Murphy 3rd 1.75 9-2 10/1
Prominent - switched right 2f out - challenging over 1f out - lost second and no extra inside final 110yds(op 16/1 tchd 9/1)
12/04/26
15:55
Leopardstown (IRE) 7f The Publican's Son (USA) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 5 0.1 9-5 12/1
Midfield - headway over 1f out - no impression inside final 110yds(tchd 11/1 and tchd 14/1)
12/04/26
14:45
Leopardstown (IRE) 1m Searcog (IRE) Patrick Magee 4 1.5 9-10 9/1
Midfield - headway 1f out - ran on and went fourth inside final 110yds(op 11/1)
12/04/26
14:10
Leopardstown (IRE) 1m Thundering On Joseph Patrick O'Brien 2nd 0.1 9-3 5/4F
Raced in second - ridden and led over 1f out - kept on but headed post(op 13/8 tchd 15/8)
11/04/26
19:30
Bellewstown (IRE) 1m3½f Jannah Star (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 4 .5 9-4 11/2
Prominent - challenging 2f out - weakened inside final furlong
11/04/26
17:55
Bellewstown (IRE) 5f Apache Star (IRE) E D Delany 14 1.25 9-8 12/1
Pressed leader - weakening when raced awkwardly and stumbled under 2f out - eased final 110yds (jockey said gelding hung badly right from 2f out)
11/04/26
17:23
Bellewstown (IRE) 1m Kakori (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 9 1.25 9-10 11/2
Prominent on inner - hampered over 3f out - weakened quickly 2f out (jockey said filly was brought out of the race on the bottom bend)(op 7/1 tchd 5/1)
10/04/26
19:50
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m4f Palazzo Persico (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 12 4.5 9-10 22/1
Prominent - weakened over 2f out(op 25/1 tchd 33/1)
10/04/26
18:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 6f Meriden Denis Gerard Hogan 6 1.25 9-3 20/1
Dwelt start - towards rear throughout(op 28/1)
10/04/26
17:42
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 6f Oxford Circus Denis Gerard Hogan 5 .5 10-2 5/2F
Midfield - headway over 1f out - drifted right inside final 110yds - soon no extra(op 7/2 tchd 9/4)
10/04/26
17:07
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 5f Amigos Legacy Denis Gerard Hogan 6 7 9-7 40/1
Towards rear throughout(op 33/1)
09/04/26
19:45
Gowran Park (IRE) 1m4f Denim And Diamonds (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 7 2.75 9-10 8/1
In touch with leaders - weakened under 2f out(op 11/1)
09/04/26
19:15
Gowran Park (IRE) 1m1½f Ethelwulf (GB) Denis Gerard Hogan 6 2.25 9-11 18/1
Midfield - headway over 1f out - no extra inside final furlong(op 16/1 tchd 20/1)
09/04/26
18:45
Gowran Park (IRE) 1m1½f Western Bandit Anthony Mullins 15 34 9-9 28/1
Took keen hold - midfield - weakened 2f out(op 33/1)
09/04/26
18:15
Gowran Park (IRE) 1m1½f Casamorati Joseph Patrick O'Brien 6 0.1 9-8 11/2
Prominent - hung left 2f out - weakened over 1f out(tchd 5/1 and 7/1)
09/04/26
17:40
Gowran Park (IRE) 1m1½f Rebel Moon Joseph Patrick O'Brien 1st Won 9-3 8/1
Slowly into stride - in rear - pushed along and headway 2f out - ridden on outer inside final furlong - ran on well to lead towards finish - won going away(op 10/1)
09/04/26
17:05
Gowran Park (IRE) 1m Roderick (GB) P Sweeney 12 0.3 9-6 20/1
Towards rear throughout(op 22/1 tchd 25/1)
09/04/26
16:30
Gowran Park (IRE) 1m Lunar Tide Joseph Patrick O'Brien 1st Won 9-8 11/4
Made virtually all - ridden over 1f out - ran on well inside final furlong(op 7/2)
08/04/26
17:25
Gowran Park (IRE) 1m6f God Of Thunder (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 9 2.25 9-6 10/1
Always behind(op 14/1)
08/04/26
16:55
Gowran Park (IRE) 1m1½f Justenzia (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 2nd 1.75 9-12 7/1
Prominent - challenging under 2f out - soon went second - kept on(tchd 13/2)
08/04/26
16:25
Gowran Park (IRE) 1m Sindria (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 1st Won 10-2 12/1
Towards rear - midfield over 3f out - drifted right but led 1f out - ran on well inside final furlong - readily(op 14/1 tchd 16/1)
08/04/26
15:15
Gowran Park (IRE) 1m Sinmara Joseph Patrick O'Brien 1st Won 9-1 5/4F
Soon raced in second - chased clear leader after 3f - led under 2f out - ridden briefly and went clear from over 1f out - comfortably(op 4/5)
08/04/26
14:05
Gowran Park (IRE) 7f Satoyama Joseph Patrick O'Brien 5 .5 9-8 7/2
Lost many lengths start - in rear - midfield after 1f - in touch with leaders 3f out - no extra from over 1f out(op 11/4 tchd 5/2)
04/04/26
17:12
Cork (IRE) 1m4f Snapretend (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 2nd .5 9-2 13/2
Led - ridden and 2 lengths ahead under 2f out - headed inside final 110yds(op 8/1 tchd 17/2)
03/04/26
17:27
Curragh (IRE) 1m6f Genealogy (GB) Denis Gerard Hogan 5 17 9-5 22/1
In rear - weakened over 2f out(op 33/1)
03/04/26
16:52
Curragh (IRE) 1m1f Atomic City Joseph Patrick O'Brien 3rd 0.3 9-8 3/1
Towards rear - headway 2f out - ridden and ran on inside final furlong - no extra and lost second towards finish(op 4/1 tchd 11/4)
03/04/26
16:17
Curragh (IRE) 1m2f Starford (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 5 0.2 10-2 11/1
Midfield - headway and in touch with leaders after 2f - pressed leaders over 1f out - soon outpaced(tchd 10/1 and tchd 12/1)
03/04/26
15:42
Curragh (IRE) 1m Kibris (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 14 6 9-4 33/1
In touch with leaders - weakened 2f out
03/04/26
15:07
Curragh (IRE) 1m Celestial Orbit (GB) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 1st Won 9-11 33/1
Prominent - led and shaken up under 2f out - ridden inside final furlong - reduced lead towards finish - always doing enough(op 22/1)
03/04/26
14:32
Curragh (IRE) 1m2f Premier Princess Denis Gerard Hogan 5 0.3 9-3 50/1
Slowly into stride - in rear - some headway from 2f out - never on terms
03/04/26
13:57
Curragh (IRE) 6f Sarahmae (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 14 2.25 9-11 33/1
Always behind
01/04/26
20:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m4f Expound (GB) Denis Gerard Hogan 4 1 9-11 14/1
Travelled strongly - midfield - headway over 2f out - weakened inside final 110yds(op 9/1)
01/04/26
17:45
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 6f Dontspoilasale (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 6 2.75 9-8 16/1
Prominent - weakened final furlong(op 18/1 tchd 20/1)
30/03/26
16:18
Navan (IRE) 1m2f Sweet Baby Zou Joseph Patrick O'Brien 9 0.3 9-3 25/1
Dwelt start - always behind
30/03/26
15:18
Navan (IRE) 1m6f Galileo Dame (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 2nd 1 9-4 3/1
Prominent - drifted left but led over 1f out - headed inside final 110yds - kept on(tchd 7/2)
30/03/26
14:48
Navan (IRE) 1m Majestic King (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 10 1 10-7 200/1
Took keen hold - in rear - cajoled along and no impression from 2f out(op 125/1)
28/03/26
15:40
Curragh (IRE) 7f Listentodwindblow (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 4 0.2 9-6 9/4F
Prominent - outpaced from under 2f out - lost third towards finish(op 11/4 tchd 3/1)
28/03/26
15:05
Curragh (IRE) 7f Saracen (FR) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 10 5.5 9-9 22/1
Midfield - towards rear halfway - dropped to rear 2f out - soon detached - eased inside final furlong(op 28/1)
28/03/26
14:30
Curragh (IRE) 1m4f God Of Thunder (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 12 1.25 9-8 17/2
Towards rear - midfield 5f out - weakened from under 3f out(op 12/1)
28/03/26
13:55
Curragh (IRE) 5f Nezeeh (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 14 2 9-1 50/1
Never better than midfield - raced near side - weakened over 1f out
28/03/26
13:25
Curragh (IRE) 6f Spring Is Here (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 11 1.5 9-3 4/1
Midfield - weakened over 1f out(op 5/1)
27/03/26
20:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m2½f Palazzo Persico (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 3rd 0 9-12 33/1
(op 28/1)
27/03/26
19:45
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m Tyraxes (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 3rd 0.3 9-9 25/1
(op 20/1)
27/03/26
17:45
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Um Wadi Joseph Patrick O'Brien 3rd .5 9-12 11/2
Steadied start - held up in rear - not clear run 2f out - soon switched left - ran on against far rail final furlong - went third final strides(op 13/2 tchd 8/1)
22/03/26
16:22
Naas (IRE) 1m2½f Lemsairbat (FR) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 2nd 3 9-2 11/1
Towards rear - switched right and headway over 2f out - ridden and went second inside final furlong - kept on - no match for winner(op 9/1 tchd 12/1)
22/03/26
15:12
Naas (IRE) 7f Independent Expert (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 1st Won 9-6 25/1
Led early - headed and prominent after 1f - switched right over 2f out - ridden over 1f out - kept on well inside final 110yds - led again towards finish(op 20/1)
22/03/26
13:35
Naas (IRE) 6f Heart Of Eternity (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 14 30 9-12 125/1
Midfield towards far side - weakened over 2f out(op 80/1 tchd 50/1)
20/03/26
17:10
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 6f Oxford Circus Denis Gerard Hogan 10 1.25 8-13 16/1
Prominent - lost position over 2f out - weakened 1f out(tchd 20/1)
15/03/26
17:30
Curragh (IRE) 1m Elman (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 11 2.75 10-3 50/1
Reserve(op 33/1)
15/03/26
16:55
Curragh (IRE) 1m Kenough Joseph Patrick O'Brien 5 4.5 9-5 6/1
Held up in midfield - short of room when headway inside final furlong - no impression(op 9/1)
15/03/26
16:20
Curragh (IRE) 1m Dark Summit (GB) Denis Gerard Hogan 8 .5 8-13 80/1
Midfield - smooth headway 3f out - weakened from over 1f out(tchd 100/1)
15/03/26
15:10
Curragh (IRE) 6f Sarahmae (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 8 4.75 9-2 22/1
Towards rear - weakened over 1f out(op 16/1)
15/03/26
14:35
Curragh (IRE) 6f Green Icon (FR) Denis Gerard Hogan 12 5.5 9-6 33/1
In rear throughout - hung left over 2f out - soon lost touch(op 25/1)
13/03/26
19:00
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m Expound (GB) Denis Gerard Hogan 5 .5 9-13 16/1
Started quickly - led - headed and lost position after 1f - headway and challenging 1f out - outpaced inside final furlong(op 11/1 tchd 18/1)
13/03/26
18:00
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m2½f Ethelwulf (GB) Denis Gerard Hogan 11 5.5 10-1 12/1
Raced wide and prominent - dropped to midfield after 2f - weakened over 1f out(tchd 11/1 and 20/1)
13/03/26
17:30
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m2½f Tyson Fury (GB) Denis Gerard Hogan 1st Won 10-2 8/11F
Towards rear - headway over 3f out - ridden and led over 1f out - went clear inside final furlong - readily(op Evens tchd 11/10)
06/03/26
17:12
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Alfred Tennyson (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 6 0.1 9-10 50/1
Prominent on inner - pressed leaders over 1f out - weakened inside final 110yds(op 33/1)
27/02/26
19:30
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m2½f Lunar Tide Joseph Patrick O'Brien 5 1.75 9-8 11/2
Midfield on inner - headway over 2f out - weakened inside final furlong(op 13/2 tchd 5/1 and tchd 7/1)
27/02/26
19:00
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m2½f Tyson Fury (GB) Denis Gerard Hogan 6 .5 9-6 18/1
In touch with leaders - ridden over 1f out - weakened inside final furlong(op 33/1)
27/02/26
16:25
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 6f Green Testimony (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 6 2.5 9-1 100/30
Midfield - headway over 2f out - outpaced over 1f out - weakened inside final furlong(op 11/4)
27/02/26
15:50
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 6f Venetian (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 7 2.5 10-2 5/2F
Pressed leader on outer - weakening when slightly hampered inside final furlong(op 85/40 tchd 2/1)
20/02/26
19:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m2½f Arrietty Joseph Patrick O'Brien 2nd .5 9-7 11/8F
Disputed lead - raced in second after 2f - went clear with winner inside final furlong - kept on(op 6/4)
20/02/26
18:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m4f Tyraxes (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 10 39 9-4 16/1
Never better than midfield - eased over 1f out(op 12/1)
20/02/26
17:45
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m Blues Emperor (IRE) William Harvey 13 25 9-4 66/1
Towards rear throughout
20/02/26
17:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m Lady In Gold Joseph Patrick O'Brien 1st Won 9-3 25/1
Midfield - headway over 2f out - led over 1f out - soon ran green and ridden - kept on well(op 28/1)
20/02/26
16:40
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Heart Of Eternity (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 14 2 9-9 66/1
In touch with leaders - lost position from 2f out(op 50/1)
13/02/26
19:30
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m2½f Palazzo Persico (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 11 1.5 9-5 - -
13/02/26
19:00
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m4f Palmezzano (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 1st Won 9-9 11/1
Prominent early - in touch with leaders after 2f - headway over 2f out - pressed leader over 1f out - ridden to lead inside final furlong - stayed on(op 12/1)
13/02/26
17:30
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m Heartbeat Supreme Joseph Patrick O'Brien 1st Won 9-8 5/4F
Made all - went clear from over 1f out - easily(op 8/11 tchd 4/6)
13/02/26
17:00
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m Mehman (GB) Denis Gerard Hogan 2nd .75 9-6 9/4F
Held up in midfield - steady headway over 2f out - went second over 1f out - kept on(op 10/3)
11/02/26
16:38
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m4f Bright Night (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 8 1.5 8-12 33/1
In touch with leaders - weakened final furlong(op 28/1)
11/02/26
15:08
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Electric Night Joseph Patrick O'Brien 3rd 2.75 9-3 15/8J
Prominent - went second 2f out - lost second over 1f out - no impression final furlong(op 3/1)
11/02/26
14:38
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 2m Tatateo (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 7 2.25 10-4 13/8F
Towards rear - switched right 2f out - no impression(tchd 7/4)
11/02/26
14:08
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 6f Carmina Burana (IRE) Andrew Kinirons 13 2.25 9-0 50/1
Dwelt start - switched sharply left soon after start - in rear throughout(op 40/1)
06/02/26
19:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m4f Church Mountain (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 3rd .5 9-9 6/1
Towards rear - headway over 3f out - went third over 1f out - kept on(op 15/2 tchd 8/1)
06/02/26
18:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Mehman (GB) Denis Gerard Hogan 3rd 0.2 9-9 9/2
Towards rear - headway over 3f out - switched right over 1f out - kept on and went third inside final 110yds(op 6/1 tchd 4/1)
06/02/26
17:45
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Heartbeat Supreme Joseph Patrick O'Brien 3rd 1.25 9-5 5/1
Raced in second - pressed leader over 2f out - weakened inside final furlong(op 4/1 tchd 7/2)
06/02/26
17:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 2m Tatateo (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 1st Won 9-1 5/2F
In touch with leaders - ridden and headway over 2f out - led inside final furlong - went clear inside final 110yds - readily(tchd 11/4)
06/02/26
16:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 5f Venetian (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 5 .5 10-0 25/1
Pressed leader - weakened inside final furlong(op 20/1 tchd 28/1)
30/01/26
18:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m4f Loyal Touch (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 4 5 9-6 33/1
Midfield - outpaced over 2f out - rallied and went modest fourth inside final furlong
30/01/26
17:45
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m Hosanna Power (IRE) D Broad 13 .75 9-11 50/1
Towards rear - weakened 2f out(op 40/1)
30/01/26
16:45
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m Handshake Joseph Patrick O'Brien 1st Won 9-8 6/4F
Dwelt start - soon in touch with leaders - steady headway over 3f out - pressed leader when ridden over 1f out - led inside final furlong - kept on well(op 2/1 tchd 11/8)
30/01/26
15:43
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Hezahunk (IRE) Patrick J McKenna 9 2 9-4 80/1
Took keen hold - led - headed over 2f out - weakened over 1f out(op 50/1)
28/01/26
17:02
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m2½f Tyraxes (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 2nd 0.3 9-9 13/8F
In touch with leaders - switched left when headway over 2f out - led over 1f out - headed towards finish(op 11/8)
28/01/26
16:32
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m2½f Arrietty Joseph Patrick O'Brien 2nd .5 9-3 11/8F
Slowly into stride - soon held up in midfield - steady headway over 3f out - went second over 1f out - pressed winner final strides - just held(tchd 5/4 and tchd 6/4)
28/01/26
16:02
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Alfred Tennyson (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 7 4.75 9-7 50/1
Prominent early - midfield after 2f - weakened over 1f out(op 40/1)
28/01/26
15:02
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 6f Mehman (GB) Denis Gerard Hogan 2nd 1.25 10-5 4/1
In touch with leaders - kept on from over 1f out - went second final strides(op 11/2 tchd 7/2)
28/01/26
14:32
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 5f Dusty Rock (IRE) Joseph Patrick O'Brien 2nd 2.75 9-1 12/1
Prominent - pressed leader 2f out - no extra inside final furlong(op 14/1 tchd 11/1)
23/01/26
19:30
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m4f Church Mountain (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 1st Won 9-2 9/1
Held up in rear - ridden over 3f out - headway over 1f out - led inside final furlong - went further clear inside final 110yds - readily(op 17/2)
23/01/26
19:00
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Electric Night Joseph Patrick O'Brien 5 0.05 9-3 14/1
Prominent - ridden and pressed winner over 1f out - kept on inside final furlong - no extra towards finish(op 16/1 tchd 12/1)
23/01/26
18:30
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Lady In Gold Joseph Patrick O'Brien 8 0.2 9-3 7/2
Dwelt start - towards rear - some headway over 2f out - no impression(op 6/1 tchd 16/5)
23/01/26
17:00
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m Rock Etoile (IRE) Patrick J McKenna 11 2 9-10 66/1
Prominent - ridden over 1f out - weakened inside final furlong(op 40/1)
23/01/26
16:30
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 1m2½f Porsche Lad (IRE) Denis Gerard Hogan 2nd 1.75 9-10 11/4F
Prominent - led 2f out - headed inside final furlong - kept on(tchd 3/1)
16/01/26
18:15
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Ukiyo (IRE) Andrew Kinirons 11 2.75 9-0 33/1
Towards rear throughout
16/01/26
17:45
Dundalk (AW) (IRE) 7f Inishfallen (IRE) Stephen Thorne 4 1.25 9-2 11/2
Took keen hold - towards rear - switched left when headway over 1f out - went fourth inside final furlong - not pace to challenge(op 6/1)